Skip to content

Your cart (0)

Your cart is empty

FREE DELIVERY AUSTRALIA WIDE ON ORDERS $100+

FREE AUS DELIVERY ON ORDERS OVER $100!

Skip to product information
1 of 11

Käldr™ 1HP Ice Bath & 2 Person Full Spectrum Sauna Bundle (White)

$10,990.00 from $11,990.00
Free Delivery

Save $1,000 with this bundle – don’t miss out! Pre-Order Now! Expected dispatch from warehouse 13 December!

Buy Now, Pay Later Options Explore Your Choices

Created with Sketch.

Boost recovery, reduce inflammation, and relax deeply with our hot and cold therapy bundle. The Radiance 2 Person Infrared Sauna offers full spectrum heat, customisable comfort, and entertainment options, crafted from eco-luxe Canadian Hemlock with a lifetime warranty. Pair it with the Käldr Ice Bath, featuring 1HP chiller with precision temperature control from 0°C to 42°C and easy maintenance. Transform your wellness routine today!

Benefits:

  • Full Spectrum Infrared Heat: Experience near, mid, and far infrared heaters for a holistic wellness session.
  • Customisable Comfort: Adjustable temperature settings up to 70°C, 10 colour chromotherapy lights, and 17 mood lighting options.
  • Entertainment Options: Built-in Bluetooth, USB, and FM radio to keep you entertained.

Features:

  • Eco-Luxe Design: Crafted from sustainably sourced Canadian Hemlock.
  • Safety and Comfort: Low EMF emissions, ergonomic backrest support, and easy to use control panel.
  • Convenient Setup: 5m long cord for flexible placement.
  • Dimensions: Sauna Dimensions are 118cm W x 123cm D x 195cm H
  • Internal Lighting: 10 different colours with remote, 17 backlight mood colors, and extra LED strip lights in and out of the cabin.
  • Lifetime Warranty: Enjoy peace of mind with a lifetime warranty on the sauna.
  • Free Nationwide Shipping: Delivered to your door at no extra cost.

Experience ultimate recovery with the Käldr Ice Bath, featuring a 1HP WiFi-controlled chiller. Adjust water temperatures from 0°C to 42°C. Perfect for post-workout cool-downs or warm soaks.

  • Features: Easy WiFi control, energy-efficient, advanced two-filter sanitation, eco-friendly refrigerant.
  • Specifications: Ice Bath - 169x79.5x59.5 cm, Chiller - 55x37x59 cm, 1HP chiller, IPX4 rating.
  • Warranty: 2 year commercial, 2 years domestic.
  • Bonuses: Insulated cover, remote control app, three spare filters.

Free shipping Australia-wide. No plumbing required. In stock & ready to dispatch.

1. Enjoy 0% APR financing with flexible terms—up to 36 months through Zip Pay or up to 24 months with Humm. Both options are available at checkout for your convenience.


2. Prefer to self finance? Check out our HandyPay financing option to tailor your payment plan to suit your needs.

REQUEST A CALL FROM AN EXPERT

STUDIO QUALITY
STUDIO QUALITY
FREE SHIPPING AUSTRALIA WIDE
FREE SHIPPING AUSTRALIA WIDE
ENERGY EFFICIENT
ENERGY EFFICIENT
EASY TO ASSEMBLE
EASY TO ASSEMBLE
NON TOXIC MATERIALS
NON TOXIC MATERIALS
Ultimate Recovery Boost: Ice Bath & Sauna Duo

Ultimate Recovery Boost: Ice Bath & Sauna Duo

Rev up your recovery with our White Käldr™ Ice Bath and Radiance Infrared Sauna. This dynamic duo accelerates muscle repair, enhances circulation, and melts away stress while sharpening your focus.

Supercharge your wellness and performance with this game-changing bundle. Transform your health routine and experience exceptional recovery today.

Speedy Muscle Recovery & Boosted Circulation

Speedy Muscle Recovery & Boosted Circulation

Discover faster muscle recovery and better circulation with our White Käldr™ Ice Bath and Radiance Infrared Sauna bundle.

This perfect blend of hot and cold therapy speeds up healing, soothes soreness, and cuts down inflammation.

Get back to your workouts stronger and faster with this unbeatable duo.

Stress Relief and Focus Boost

Stress Relief and Focus Boost

Unwind and sharpen your mind with our dynamic bundle.

The infrared sauna’s soothing warmth melts away stress, while the ice bath’s refreshing chill enhances focus and clarity.

Experience a holistic approach to calm and mental sharpness.

Advanced Two-Filter Sanitation

Advanced Two-Filter Sanitation

Our enhanced sanitation system now includes a two-filter setup for superior cleanliness and protection of the chiller mechanism. The original 20 micron filter is complemented by a new, easy-to-clean filter designed to trap larger sediments before they reach critical components, reducing potential damage.

Additionally, our upgraded ozone sanitation feature now operates on an intermittent timer, accessible via app control, significantly reducing the need for manual adjustments and ensuring your water remains pristine with minimal effort.

This advanced combination offers unparalleled water clarity and hygiene for your peace of mind.

Control your Chiller from your phone

Control your Chiller from your phone

Enhance your wellness routine with the Kiva Wellness Ice Bath Chiller, offering flexibility with app-based or direct chiller controls. Effortlessly adjust temperatures between an ice cold 0°C and a warm 42°C to suit your session's needs, whether for recovery or relaxation, using either the intuitive app available for Android and iPhone or the chiller's built-in controls.

This dual approach ensures your experience is always tailored to your preference, providing both convenience and precision for every plunge.

Maximise Performance & Endurance

Maximise Performance & Endurance

Elevate your athletic game with our ultimate contrast therapy bundle.

The Radiance Infrared Sauna enhances blood flow and muscle recovery, while the Käldr™ Ice Bath tackles fatigue and muscle strain.

Train harder and recover faster with this dynamic duo.

Free Delivery Australia Wide!

Free Delivery Australia Wide!

Transform your wellness routine with the convenience of free delivery anywhere in Australia.

Enjoy the benefits of relaxation, recovery, and rejuvenation without any extra shipping costs, making your path to well-being even easier.

Potential health benefits of using our Saunas

Heart Health

Heart Health
Heart Health

Heart Health

Using a Kiva Wellness sauna on a regular basis as part of a healthy lifestyle can offer significant benefits for heart health. The heat generated in an infrared sauna enhances blood circulation, similar to the effects of moderate exercise, thereby improving cardiovascular functioning. This increased blood flow helps reduce blood pressure, lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases,  arthritis, and enhances heart rate variability, which is an important measure of heart health and stress response. These therapeutic effects collectively contribute to a healthier cardiovascular system and overall heart wellness.

References

  1. Hussain J, Cohen M. Clinical Effects of Regular Dry Sauna Bathing: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 Apr 24;2018:1857413. doi: 10.1155/2018/1857413
  2. Pizzey FK, Smith EC, Ruediger SL, Keating SE, Askew CD, Coombes JS, Bailey TG. The effect of heat therapy on blood pressure and peripheral vascular function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Physiol. 2021 Jun;106(6):1317-1334. doi: 10.1113/EP089424.

Exercise Performance

Exercise Performance
Exercise Performance

Exercise Performance

Boost your endurance performance with regular infrared sauna usage. Infrared sauna sessions can be a valuable tool for boosting exercise performance. The heat exposure aids in improving circulation and increasing blood flow to muscles, which can enhance endurance and reduce muscle fatigue. Regular sauna use can also lead to adaptations like increased plasma volume and improved thermoregulatory mechanisms, which can significantly enhance overall athletic performance. Frequent sauna sessions may also substantially augment the benefits of physical activity and assist those who are unable to meet physical activity guidelines or are unable to exercise at all because of physical activity limitations.

References

  1. Hussain J, Cohen M. Clinical Effects of Regular Dry Sauna Bathing: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018 Apr 24;2018:1857413. doi: 10.1155/2018/1857413
  2. Kunutsor SK, Laukkanen JA. Does the Combination of Finnish Sauna Bathing and Other Lifestyle Factors Confer Additional Health Benefits? A Review of the Evidence. Mayo Clin Proc. 2023 Jun;98(6):915-926. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.01.0 08.

Muscle Recovery

Muscle Recovery
Muscle Recovery

Muscle Recovery

Whether you’re a professional athlete or a hobby gymnast, recovery is key for a better performance. Infrared saunas play a pivotal role in enhancing muscle recovery, particularly after intense physical activity. The penetrating infrared heat helps to relax muscles, alleviate stiffness and reduce soreness, DOMS, and swelling after strength and endurance training by increasing blood circulation, which facilitates the transport of essential nutrients and oxygen to tired muscles. This improved blood flow also aids in the efficient removal of metabolic waste products like lactic acid, accelerating the recovery process and reducing the downtime between workouts.

References

  1. McGorm H., Roberts L.A., Coombes J.S., Peake J.M. Turning up the Heat: an evaluation of the evidence for heating to promote exercise recovery, muscle rehabilitation and adaptation. Sports Med. 2018;48(6):1131–1328. And Sabapathy M, Tan F, Al Hussein S, Jaafar H, Brocherie F, Racinais S, Ihsan M. Effect of heat preconditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage. Curr Res Physiol. 2021 Jun 7;4:155- 162. doi: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.06.00 2
  2. Mero A, Tornberg J, Mäntykoski M, Puurtinen R. Effects of far-infrared sauna bathing on recovery from strength and endurance training sessions in men. Springerplus. 2015 Jul 7;4:321. doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1093- 5.
  3. Pokora I, Sadowska-Krępa E, Wolowski Ł, Wyderka P, Michnik A, Drzazga Z. The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6906. htps://doi.org/10.3390/ijer ph18136906

Pain & Mobility

Pain & Mobility
Pain & Mobility

Pain & Mobility

Let the warmth of your sauna ease your pain. They offer a therapeutic approach to managing pain and improving mobility. The deep heat effectively reduces muscle tension and joint stiffness, providing relief from chronic pain conditions such as arthritis and fibromyalgia. Enhanced circulation from the heat therapy also aids in reducing inflammation and promoting healing, which can improve joint mobility and flexibility. Regular use of an infrared sauna can thus be a beneficial adjunct in pain management and in maintaining and improving range of motion and overall physical function.

References

  1. Oosterveld FG, Rasker JJ, Floors M, Landkroon R, van Rennes B, Zwijnenberg J, van de Laar MA, Koel GJ. Infrared sauna in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. A pilot study showing good tolerance, short-term improvement of pain and stiffness, and a trend towards long-term beneficial effects. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 Jan;28(1):29-34. doi: 10.1007/s10067-008-0977-y.
  2. Masuda A, Koga Y, Hatanmaru M, Minagoe S, Tei C. The effects of repeated thermal therapy for patients with chronic pain. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(5):288- 94. doi: 10.1159/000086319
  3. Kanji G, Weatherall M, Peter R, Purdie G, Page R. Efficacy of regular sauna bathing for chronic tension-type headache: a randomized controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2015 Feb;21(2):103-9. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0466

Immunity

Immunity
Immunity

Immunity

Regular sauna sessions can have a positive impact on the immune system. The heat generated during a session elevates the body's core temperature, mimicking a fever-like state, which is a natural immune response to infection. This induced hyperthermic condition can stimulate and strengthen the immune system, increasing the production of white blood cells and antibodies. Additionally, the detoxification process, facilitated by intense sweating, helps to rid the body of toxins and pathogens, further bolstering the body’s immune defences and resilience against illness.

References

  1. Pilch, Wanda, Pokora, Ilona, Szyguła, Zbigniew, Pałka, Tomasz, Pilch, Paweł, Cisoń, Tomasz, Malik, Lesław and Wiecha, Szczepan. “Effect of a Single Finnish Sauna Session on White Blood Cell Profile and Cortisol Levels in Athletes and Non-Athletes” Journal of Human Kinetics, vol.39, no.1, 3913, pp.127- 135

Longevity

Longevity
Longevity

Longevity

Making sauna bathing part of your regular routine can assist longevity by offsetting effects of inflammation and promoting overall health and wellness. The deep heating effect of the sauna has been linked to enhanced cellular repair and reduced oxidative stress, two factors that are crucial in slowing down the ageing process. Regular sauna use can also stimulate heat shock proteins, which are known to play a role in longevity by repairing damaged proteins and protecting cells from stress. By improving cardiovascular health, aiding in detoxification, and reducing chronic inflammation, infrared saunas can support a healthier, longer life, aligning with practices that promote longevity.

References

  1. Kunutsor, S.K., Jae, S.Y., Kurl, S. et al. Inflammation, sauna bathing, and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Finnish men: a cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 37, 1225–1231 (2022). htps://doi.org/10.1007/s10 654-022-00926-w.

Heat Acclimation

Heat Acclimation
Heat Acclimation

Heat Acclimation

Regular use of infrared saunas can significantly aid in heat acclimation, a beneficial adaptation for both athletes and individuals in hot climates. The consistent exposure to the controlled, elevated temperatures of the sauna trains the body to cope better with heat stress. This acclimation process leads to physiological adaptations such as improved sweating efficiency, more stable core temperature control, and increased blood plasma volume. These changes enhance the body's ability to regulate temperature in hot conditions, improving tolerance to heat and potentially enhancing performance in warm environments.

References

  1. Ashworth E, Coter J & Kilding A (2023) Postexercise, passive heat acclimation with sauna or hot-water immersion provide comparable adaptations to performance in the heat in a military context, Ergonomics, 66:1, 49-60, DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.20 58096
  2. Kirby NV, Lucas SJE, Armstrong OJ, Weaver SR, Lucas RAI. Intermitent postexercise sauna bathing improves markers of exercise capacity in hot and temperate conditions in trained middle-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Feb;121(2):621-635. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020- 04541-z. And Kirby, N.V., Lucas, S.J.E., Cable, T.G. et al. Sex differences in adaptation to intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing in trained middle-distance runners. Sports Med - Open 7, 51 (2021). htps://doi.org/10.1186/s40 798-021-00342-6

Relaxation

Relaxation
Relaxation

Relaxation

Infrared saunas deliver deep, penetrating heat through infrared light, effectively reducing muscle tension and promoting relaxation by stimulating the release of endorphins, the body’s natural pain-relieving and mood-enhancing chemicals. The gentle warmth increases blood circulation, helping to oxygenate tissues and clear metabolic waste, which aids in faster muscle recovery and stress relief. Scientifically, this process of thermotherapy not only relaxes the body but also helps to lower cortisol levels, the body’s primary stress hormone, fostering a state of mental relaxation and well-being.

References

  1. Kukkonen-Harjula, K., & Kauppinen, K. (2006). Health effects and risks of sauna bathing. *International Journal of Circumpolar Health*, 65(3), 195-205

Detoxification

Detoxification
Detoxification

Detoxification

Your Kiva saunas facilitate detoxification at a cellular level by inducing a deep sweat where toxins can be expelled directly through the pores. The infrared wavelengths penetrate the skin, stimulating the sweat glands and increasing circulation, thereby aiding the body in the natural process of removing impurities and flushing out harmful toxins. This enhanced detoxification process, triggered by the increased metabolic rate and core temperature, helps in efficiently eliminating heavy metals and chemical toxins, leading to improved overall health and vitality.

References

  1. Sears, M. E., Kerr, K. J., & Bray, R. I. (2012). Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in sweat: a systematic review. *Journal of environmental and public health*, 2012

Skin Health

Skin Health
Skin Health

Skin Health

Regular sessions in your sauna contribute positively to skin health by promoting circulation, which enhances the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the skin, fostering a healthy, natural glow. The deep sweating achieved in an infrared sauna helps to clear pores, reduce blemishes, and remove dead skin cells, resulting in clearer, softer, and healthier-looking skin. Additionally, the increased blood flow and elimination of toxins can aid in reducing the signs of ageing, such as wrinkles and fine lines, by encouraging the production of collagen and elastin, vital proteins for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness.

References

  1. Lee, J. H., Roh, M. R., & Lee, K. H. (2006). Effects of infrared radiation on skin photo-aging and pigmentation. *Yonsei medical journal*, 47(4), 485-490

Stress and Fatigue

Stress and Fatigue
Stress and Fatigue

Stress and Fatigue

Exposure to the gentle, enveloping heat of an infrared sauna has been shown to significantly alleviate stress and fatigue. The soothing warmth activates the body's parasympathetic nervous system, inducing a state of deep relaxation and stress reduction. Furthermore, as the body's core temperature rises, endorphin levels increase, providing a natural, therapeutic effect that combats fatigue, enhances mood, and promotes a sense of calm and well-being..

References

  1. Masuda, A., Nakazato, M., Kihara, T., Minagoe, S., & Tei, C. (2005). Repeated sauna therapy reduces urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α. *Journal of the American College of Cardiology*, 45(2), 295-301

Improved Sleep

Improved Sleep
Improved Sleep

Improved Sleep

Utilising an infrared sauna can have a beneficial impact on sleep quality, thanks to its ability to relax the body and mind. The soothing warmth helps to lower cortisol levels, the stress hormone, and activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the body's 'rest and digest' response, thereby fostering a state conducive to sleep. Additionally, the post-sauna cooling period often triggers a natural increase in melatonin, the sleep hormone, aiding in deeper and more restful sleep cycles.

References

  1. Hussain, J., & Cohen, M. (2018). Clinical effects of regular dry sauna bathing: A systematic review. *Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine*, 2018

Radiance Full Spectrum Sauna 2 Person

Designed with 7 high quality modern tech Hybrid Ceramic & carbon fibre far-infrared heating panels you can be rest assured that using the Kiva Wellness Infrared Sauna will leave you feeling rejuvenated.

  • Dimensions

    Dimensions

    • Sauna Dimensions (W*D*H):
      Exterior: 1180*1230*1950mm
      Interior: 1080*1150*1841mm
    • Glass Door (W*D*H):
      600*6*1732mm
    • Sitting Bench: 109cm W x 45 cm D
    • Heaters Rear: 200w x 2 (60cm x 40cm)
    • Heaters Side: 200w x 2 (60cm x 40cm)+160w x 2 (80cm x 20cm)
    • Bench: 300w x 1 (100cm x 30cm)
    • Front: 350w x 2 (15cm x 58cm)
  • Weight

    Weight

    • Sauna Weight: 137kg
    • Shipping Weight: 155kg
  • Features

    Features

    • Temperature Range: 25 - 70°C
    • Timer Range: 5-90 Mins
    • Material: Hemlock wood; Non-toxic, water based glues and sealants
    • Speakers: 2 x resonance speakers
  • Technical Elements

    Technical Elements

    • Wattage: 2020w
    • Voltage: 220-240v
    • Heat Density: 2020w / 1.45m2 = 1393W/M2
    • 10amp Standard Plug Socket
    • Australian Electrical Safety Standards Compliance Certificate: SAA222024
  • Bonus Extras

    Bonus Extras

    • FM radio
    • USB phone charging
    • Media sound player
    • Ergonomic bench one side & flat on the other side
    • Built-in ergonomic backrest
    • Free S shape portable sauna backrest
  • Internal Sauna Lighting

    Internal Sauna Lighting

    • 10 colour choices (with remote)

      Red – Boosts vitality
      Green – Promotes healing
      Blue – Calms stress
      Yellow – Energises focus
      Pink – Heals emotions
      Orange – Sparks creativity
      Aqua – Refreshes balance
      Pale Purple – Enhances spirituality
      Cyan – Cools and calms
      White – Purifies clarity
      > Slow Scroll – Relax with all colours
    • 3 Brightness Levels
    • 17 backlight mood colours
    • Extra LED strip lights in & out of cabin
  • Average Cost Per Hour

    Average Cost Per Hour

    • $0.56/hr
    • $7.28/month (3 sessions/week)
    • Uses only 2020W per hour, similar to small electric ovens and electric steam irons.
  • Warranty

    Warranty

    • Lifetime warranty domestic; 2 year commercial
  • Safety & Care Instructions

    Safety & Care Instructions

    Click here for safety and care instructions for your Sauna.

  • User Manual

    User Manual

Käldr Ice Bath - Technical Specifications

By following these specifications and guidelines, you can ensure optimal performance and longevity of your Ice Bath & Chiller Unit, enjoying the benefits of advanced recovery technology with ease and peace of mind.

  • Dimensions

    Dimensions

    • Ice Bath: 169 cm (L) x 79.5 cm (W) x 59.5 cm (H)
    • 1HP Chiller: 55cm (L) x 37cm (W) x 59cm (H)
  • Weight

    Weight

    • Ice Bath: 60Kg
    • Chiller Unit: 37Kg
  • Installation

    Installation

    • No plumbing required - simple setup for indoor and outdoor use
    • 10 AMP standard plug on chiller
  • Technical Elements

    Technical Elements

    • Water Capacity: 380L
    • Käldr Ice Bath: acrylic fully insulated body
    • Modern matte colour finish
    • 1HP Ice Chiller: Adjusts from 0°C to 42°C for efficient cooling and heating
    • Australian Electrical Safety Standards Compliance Certificate: SAA- GMA519127-EA
    • Chiller water resistance rating: IPX4
    • Self Priming Pump System
    • Twin Filters for clearer water
    • Eco Friendly R410A Refrigerant
  • Warranty

    Warranty

    Chiller:

    • 2 year commercial and domestic

    Tub Only:

    • 2 year commercial and 5 year domestic
  • Average Cost Per Day

    Average Cost Per Day

    • Less than $1 per day once the desired temperature is reached
    • Voltage 220-240 Volts
    • Chiller Wattage 1HP: 1070w input 3100w Cold output
    • Insulated Cover Included: Helps maintain temperature and reduce energy usage

  • Chiller App Info

    Chiller App Info

    • App Control: Connect via 2.4 GHz WiFi (not 5 GHz) and Bluetooth for remote management.
    • App Download “TUYA SMART” from the App Store or Google Play
    • Setup: After installing, connect WiFi in-app for remote operation.

    This quick setup enables easy remote control of your chiller directly from your smartphone.

  • Bonus Inclusions

    Bonus Inclusions

    • Insulated cover: enhances thermal efficiency and safety.
    • Smartphone App: Control your ice bath temperature settings remotely any time.
    • Three Spare 20-Micron Filters: For long-term maintenance and cleanliness.
  • Safety & Care Instructions

    Safety & Care Instructions

    Click here for safety and care instructions for your Ice Bath and Chiller.

  • User Manual

    User Manual

Recover and Rejuvenate with the Expert's Choice Sauna

Chontel Duncan

Chontel Duncan

Fitness Trainer

I've tried many recovery methods in my fitness journey, but nothing compares to the rejuvenating experience of this sauna. I'm excited to share my love for this product with you.

Backed by our industry leading health, fitness & wellness advocates

Reforest Now Australia

We plant a tree across Northern NSW for every sale

We care deeply about our planet and the footprints that we leave behind. That’s why we have partnered with not-for-profit. “Reforest Now” in the Northern Rivers to restore the environment by expanding and conserving the local reforests.



Together we can make an impact.

Testimonial Videos

Frequently Asked Questions

Purchasing a bundle allows you to save money compared to buying each item separately. You also get a curated selection of products designed to work together for maximum benefit.

Hot and cold therapy, also known as contrast therapy, helps to boost recovery, reduce muscle soreness, improve circulation, relieve pain, and enhance overall wellness. Alternating between hot and cold treatments stimulates blood flow, detoxifies the body, and promotes relaxation.

Some products may require assembly. Detailed instructions and support are provided to ensure a smooth setup process.

All items in the bundle are shipped together. You will receive a single shipment with all your products, ensuring everything arrives at the same time.

Yes, our standard return and exchange policy applies to bundles. Please ensure all items in the bundle are returned in their original condition.

Yes, all products in the bundle come with the same warranty and support as when purchased individually.

We offer a few preset bundles, but if you have specific needs, please contact our customer service team to discuss possible customisations.